Mateusz Wilk Knurów

Procesionaria

Like any winter, during December, January and February appear on our conifer nests processionary annoying. The processionary ( Thaumetopoea pityocampa ) is an insect of the order Lepidoptera belonging to the family Notodontidae.

It owes its name to the characteristic habit of moving on the ground in rows, forming a sort of "procession".
This arthropod is found in temperate regions of southern Europe, the Near East and even North Africa. And 'one of the most destructive forest insects, capable of rendering vast tracts of pine forest each leaf during its life cycle.
The pine tree is the most affected (in particular the black pine and Scots pine), but it's easy to find even among cedars and larches.

The life cycle of the parasite

The processionary is active only during cold periods of the year, since he spends the hot summer months as a cocoon bury underground. Each female produces a "cluster" of eggs that a needle is attached to the host tree. The cluster can contain up to 300 eggs, from which at least 4 weeks after born typical larvae. The eggs are completely covered with scales from the abdomen of the female.

Despite the modest size of the larvae have strong jaws that can engulf the hard needles immediately after birth.
In a short time, completely stripped a branch move in a new row to search for food.
The caterpillars live in groups. Initially they are nomads, moving from branch to branch building new nests relief, but in October to form a silken nest where they will winter.
activity resumed in the spring and processionary, usually in late May, they head to a place suitable for weaving the cocoon.
they found, there is buried a depth of about 15 cm. The chrysalis state lasts about a month, but can last for a year or more.
The insect, after reaching maturity and the transformation took place during the month of July out of the cocoon. The adult is a moth with wings 3-4 cm wide, gray in color with streaks of brown, the female is usually slightly larger in size than the male.
Their life is very short: no more than 2 days.
The females are the first to go on tall trees, which are then fertilized by the male.
The moth flies in search the most suitable plant to lay their eggs and the cycle begins again.

Identification

Eggs The eggs are spherical and white, are grouped into a cylindrical shape of pine needles. The large mass of eggs is 25-40 mm high and about 5 mm and can contain 70-300 eggs. E 'covered with flakes, produced from the tip of the abdomen of the female, gray-brown shade that allows an effective camouflage among the branches of the plant.

Larva

The caterpillar has 5 larval stages. In the first stage, the caterpillar has a body green. After the second suit, the caterpillar assumes its final appearance. At the end of growth the caterpillar is 38-45 mm long. The larva is covered with stinging hairs that can cause severe skin irritation, conjunctivitis, congestion and asthma in humans and animals. These urticating hairs are arranged in clumps throughout the body. The coloration of the integument of the body varies greatly depending on the species. In general, the seed coat is darker in cold regions and ranges from bluish-gray to black. The head of the larva is black. The lateral and ventral hair varies from white to dark yellow. The dorsal hairs ranging from yellow to orange and red-brown bulbs come from. The lower body is more or less dark brown.

Pupa

The pupa is wrapped in a cocoon of silk oval brown-white. The pupa (obtecta) is about 20 mm long, oval, pale yellow-brown color that eventually turns reddish brown. The hooks (that bind to a support, eg. The stem of a plant) are rounded, with two strong curved spines.

Adult

The female moth has a wingspan of 35-50 mm, the male is smaller with a wingspan of 30-40 mm. Both have an irregular ridge at the front. The forewings are gray ash, the nerve fibers (called the moths' tracheae), margins, and the three cross-bands are darker. The design is not pronounce on the wings of the female. The hind wings are white and gray, with the characteristic gray-brown stain in anal area. The antennae are yellowish brown and somewhat behind the tip. Both sexes have a hairy chest. The abdomen of the female is strong and its last segment is covered with large scales.

Fight

The methods of struggle are numerous and include agricultural practices (mechanical removal of the nests), microbiological media (use of Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki dell'insettcida biological ), to be distributed by air and that causes paralysis of the larvae, the fight by using pheromones. Recently introduced, the fight to stem herbal medicine by injection to be performed during the months of September and October. This system guarantees results that are unobtainable with other systems and also the economic benefits. Please refer to the more detailed description on the "Post" to micro-infusion system. Please note that this system has led to eradicate this dangerous insect by entire municipalities of the province of Venice, Padua, Treviso and Vicenza.

are reminded that the fight processionary to be mandatory throughout the country according to DM 17/04/1998

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The Curriculum and disclosure

He lectures on agri-environmental issues with particular reference all'arboricoltura. We use PowerPoint presentations, extensive photographic documentation and detailed fact sheets. In each issue we have dealt with practical demonstrations and simulations using the most modern equipment available today. Know and spread the culture of the tree represents the essence of respect for nature in the new generations. In a world increasingly aware of the nature disclosed its importance has become a duty.

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Renovations radical

An important role for the mast system is carried out by the roots. This body apart from the function of absorbing water and nutrients, plays a recognized role in gas exchange and mechanics for the stability of the plant.
The rhizosphere has always been a big problem for tree growers, for the difficulty of intervening directly on the roots without damaging the delicate structures underground. The inability
technical and operational difficulties have prevented until now to proceed with a focus on the root systems.

system Turbo Air ® consists of a strong jet of air escaping from a special equipment that allows the elimination of the ground on even the smaller roots. With this system you can bring to the surface the root system on which you can intervene directly.

When you use it?

Scavo collar
The excavation of the collar is an essential practice for the management of the health of the trees. The benefits you get through this practice is recognized by all, but there are few tree growers who perform it. The main reason is the difficulty to implement this practice with the usual tools. Turbo Air ® has revolutionized large-scale excavation of the neck. Turbo Air allowing for this practice quickly and without causing any injury to a radical level.

unpacked soil
Recent studies show that the removal of compacted soil and exhausted from the roots of a tree, and the substitution of lower density and soil rich in organic matter, produces a huge benefit to the development of roots and health of the plant. Turbo Air ® even more compact soils can be removed from the roots with success and without causing damage to the plant.

Diagnosis and Analysis of the structure roots
Many diseases of trees and shrubs are suffering from problems caused by the root system. The diagnosis of the roots is often overlooked for obvious operational difficulties. Now that diagnostic practice can not harm the root system. Turbo Air ®, you can make an accurate diagnosis to root systems of trees and shrubs and diagnose the presence of pathogens or barriers that impede the orderly development of roots.
During construction work often runs cutting the roots with severe tears or wounds caused by power shovels or digging equipment. Turbo Air ®, you can dig up the roots without making a mess, with the possibility to choose to cut the roots, and where do the cuts, with a great benefit for the plant to maintain.
Turbo Air ® is also used for excavation, pipe placement and irrigation and the planting of trees.

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sonic tomography analysis of tree stability

General
In assessing the stability of tree species, the survey instrument is an important aid in understanding the actual conditions inside of a tree. Several technologies are used, and among them is undoubtedly the sonic tomography system providing a flexible applicability and accuracy. The sonic tomography "Picus ®" works on the principle that the speed of sound through the wood, depends on the modulus and the density of the same. The main damage to the trees are represented by fractures, cavities, degenerative wood (decay), which reduce the elasticity and density of the wood. These characteristics depend on the species and whether measured in absolute need of comparison with the values \u200b\u200bobtained from table standard.Il Picus ® Sonic tomograph then measure the relative speed of sound, so the system automatically calibrates each measurement.

Operation
The instrument consists of a set of sensors (8 to 12), which are placed at strategic points around the area you want to investigate. Each sensor is connected to a nail (0.8 - 1 mm), which allows contact with the wood. The sonic wave is generated manually by a hammer through a cable connected to "Y" to the module and the nail.
Different sensors measure the transmission time sonic wave, the times of transmission and the distance between the sensors, calculates the apparent speed sonic wave.
From these data, the software that processes the tomogram highlights the different areas of the section can be measured successively.
The data transmission to the handheld's wireless (wireless) Bluetooth.

Determination of the geometry of the tree
The accuracy of the survey depends on the number of sensors used and the degree of approximation of the reciprocal distance between the sensors. In the case of circular sections measuring the distance between the modules is automatically defined by measuring the circumference (ie 10 modules on a circumference of 200 cm ® 1 module every 20 cm) in the case of elliptical sections are defined axis xel'asse y. In the case of irregular sections we measure the distance of each module by creating a free form which is relevant to the real section examined, the latter procedure assures a very high degree of accuracy by reducing most of the approximations.

measurement and definition of the tomogram

The result of the generation of "n" sonic waves is a dense network of information with all the relative velocities in the section indagata.L 'instrumental test can be performed even on different floors or sections, allowing the three-dimensional assessment of the development of caries. This is the only system to see graphically the vertical development of fungal diseases borne by the woody tissues.

Reading Tomogram

tomogram are shown in areas of different colors: black and brown areas indicate a good transmission of the waves so that the wood has been good, and normal mechanical function, the blue areas , purple or white areas are subject to severe cavities or degeneration. These areas have lost their mechanical function therefore should be paid considerable attention to evaluating their size and their positioning. You can not define with certainty the difference between a cavity and a strong degeneration (decay in advanced state) because the tissue density is very similar. In these cases it is possible to trace this difference with a careful observation of the data, from a historical reconstruction of events, from the results of visual and study to what we have. The green areas indicate an intermediate situation between the two described, it is discolored wood, wood still has a mechanical function, but prone to fungal infection. E 'can also represent graphically the limit of T / R useful to verify the amount of sound wood remaining.

Conclusions
A proper investigation of stability of a tree requires first a careful visual analysis of the deepening instrumental, with the identification of all structural defects, disease, etc.. You can not ignore this important phase for the same tomographic investigation. A valid interpretation of the tree, aimed at quantifying the risk of subsidence and the development of all cultural practices aimed at putting down of individuals, then, is the result of two distinct but complementary phases.
E 'can also share the survey at the crown or large branches.
With this technique it is possible to define very precisely the state of health of the wood of the tree, and accurately assess risk or potentially dangerous situations in order to prevent damage events.