Pain Neutralization Tech

Let's talk about Mycorrhizae

What are

For mycorrhiza are a particular type of symbiotic association between a fungus and a higher plant located in the root of the plant symbiont, and extends, by means of hyphae or more complex structures such as rhizomorphs in the rhizosphere and surrounding soil. These are symbiotic, in most cases, a mutual, so the two organizations carry out their life cycle living in close contact and mutual benefitting, either in nutritional and otherwise.

mycorrhizal associations are an enigma to most ecologists, and even the experts find it difficult to admit to not having yet grasped the immense variety of types and roles, both in natural ecosystems than in those modified by man.
The first studies were conducted in Germany in the late nineteenth century by Albert Bernhard Frank, a forest pathologist who described for the first time the structure and functioning of this vital symbiotic relationship between trees and fungi called mykorhiza. The main structural character that Frank was able to observe, was the constant presence of a sort of covering, or coat, made of a woven hyphal, on root tips. Frank also noted that these structures are always present in the root systems of Vegetative plants in natural environments.
During subsequent studies were identified two types of mycorrhizae:

the ectomycorrhizal also known as mycorrhizae ectotrofiche), characteristics of most woody angiosperms and conifers, in which we can see an external fungal mantle covering the root tips;

- the endomycorrhizal (also known as mycorrhizae endotrofiche), more widely (even among the herbaceous species), not with a fungal mantle and demonstrators outside a certain degree of intracellular colonization by hyphae.

Classification
A first distinction, which is similar to that of endomycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal outdated, it can be made between mycorrhizas involving endophytic fungi with septate hyphae not belonging the phylum Glomeromycota and mycorrhizas formed by fungi with septate hyphae belonging to different orders of ascomycetes and basidiomycetes.
Regarding symbiotic plants, they are so numerous and diverse in terms of taxonomic classification that is often difficult. We must also consider the type of mycorrhiza formed can be influenced by the identity both the plant and the fungus, so that, for example, the same fungus can form different types of mycorrhiza, depending on the plant involved.

vesicular-arbuscular Mycorrhizae
Also known as VA mycorrhizae or VAM, are characteristic of members of the phylum Glomeromycota. The main distinctive character of this group lies in the ability of fungi to produce specific structures, called arbuscules, within plant cells compatible.
symbiotic plants, in this type of mycorrhizae, belong essentially all phyla: Bryophyta, almost all groups of Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae and all of the groups most the families of the Angiospermae.

ectomycorrhizal fungus primarily affects ascomycetes and basidiomycetes (about 6000 species) and plants shrubs and trees (about 5% of Spermatophytes to an estimated 8000 species). Among the most common form ectomycorrhizal fungi that are cited:

- Basidiomycetes
- Ascomycetes
- zygomycetes

In these associations, the fungus forms a structure called the mantle or micoclena, which surrounds the root tips. Externally it emanating hyphae in soil in individual or aggregated structures called rhizomorphs. The hyphae also penetrate to the interior between the epidermal cells forming radical a complex intercellular system, which appears in section as a network of hyphae called lattice Hartig. However, there is little or no intracellular penetration.
The particular importance of ectomycorrhizal forest sector is due to the fact that they cover the majority of the Pinaceae, Fagaceae of the (very common in temperate forests) and Myrtaceae, as well as many other families containing important tree species.

endomycorrhizal
possesses many of the characteristics of the ectomycorrhizal, but also exhibit a high ability to penetrate cells. They mostly affect the seedlings of some conifers (Mainly Pinus spp.) And are characterized by a network of Hartig rather crude, a sleeve of thin or absent, and the fact that, especially in older parts of roots, the cells are invaded by bundles of hyphae.

Nutritional
In most types of mycorrhizae nutritional exchanges consist essentially in the movement of organic carbon from the plant to the fungus and, in the opposite direction of nutrients (as P, N, and Zn Cu) in organic or inorganic, to the plant. The functionality of mycorrhizal systems depends on the point:

- the transfer, in most mycorrhizal types of Organic C derived from photosynthesis by the plant to the various fungal structures (mycelium, spores and fruiting bodies in developing countries);
- the ability of the fungal symbionts to pick up the available nutrients in inorganic form and / or organic soil and transfer them to plant through one or more symbiotic interfaces.

The mycelium which departs from the colonized roots plays a key role in the absorption of water and nutrients by plants, particularly in proliferating richest areas of competing effectively with other substances and microorganisms in the soil. Some differences may be found, among other categories mycorrhizal fungi in the ability of symbionts to capture a greater or lesser number of different elements from the soil. The continuous search of nutrients by the fungus leads to an increase substantially the total area of \u200b\u200bthe root system of plant and soil volume explored, which led to a general increase in the competitiveness of these plants in natural systems.

Importance
The importance of mycorrhizae not only reduces the absorption of water and nutrients from the soil. Mycorrhizal plants often appear more competitive and more tolerant of environmental stress than non-mycorrhizal plants, even for reasons related to:
- Acquisition of nutrients in forms not normally available to plants (eg N in organic compounds);
- ability to reduce the presence of phenolic compounds and toxic metals in soil;
- protection against water stress;
- protection against of parasitic fungi and nematodes;
- nutritional benefits not due, for example, production of phytohormones;
- accumulation of nutrients;
At the ecosystem level, this translates into an important influence:
- on the rhizosphere microbial populations, through qualitative and quantitative changes of root exudates;
- on soil structure, which is improved;

In conclusion, the possibility mycorrhization of plants being planted, or the trees proved an important aid in the treatment and solution of various problems.

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Considerations on the management of the trees of Softwoods

We report the release of ' Order of Doctors of Agronomy and Forestry of the province of Padua the problem of management and removals of trees in the town of Padua.

The killing of a tree is always a loss of value to society and the environment, whether urban or rural.
The tree, through complex biochemical phenomena, cleaning the air by the absorption of CO2, oxygen production, absorption and inactivation of certain pollutants (HF, SO2, Cl2, NOx), dust suppression (always on a filter for suspended particulate matter PTS, PM10 and PM2, 5) and balancing the formation of ozone. The tree reduces noise pollution by absorbing and mitigating the sound waves and encouraging the production of "white noise" (a particular type of noise characterized by the absence of frequency and amplitude constant over the whole spectrum of frequencies) . In addition, the tree adjusts the microclimate through the removal of heat to the air, shaded places to stop, rest and recreation, and offers shelter and food for birds and other animals that, despite everything, they did the scope of their urban residence.
The tree is then an air purifier and a "climate" at a very small and very effective! The tree is a micro-habitats that contribute to increasing biodiversity and improving the conditions of human life, without neglecting the landscape value that can cover a row of trees, as an isolated specimen of large size.
From this brief discussion, the Council of the Order of Doctors of Agronomy and Doctors of Forestry in the province of Padua, inspired by the recent killing that were widely reported in the local press, he wants give some indication of general policy, to promote the recovery of the natural environments of urban and suburban areas.
First, it is clear that each tree needs its own living space and, therefore, from time to time, the choice of species used to be carried out considering the size and maturity and not take the plant, as can often occur because variations to the project last minute, some species are more adapted to shade the parking areas, or enhancing the city streets, or even to grow in tight spaces between the condominiums and houses of our city, which is not a uniform environment but offers numerous variations ecological niches, also very different, for which we must identify the species that you can adapt better. A careful selection will allow you to enjoy the tree for many years without having to deal with interference, frequent complaints but also expensive and unnecessary maintenance.
A careful choice of species and planting location will thus improve the naturalness of the canals that surround our city. Would provide a suitable project, alongside the primary function of flood safety, including a recreational function and "natural." This requires that the institutions whose task is to monitor and maintain the river system and drainage in our area many efforts. The revegetation of the banks only simplifies control of their state and execution of maintenance activities. The tree in these contexts should therefore be placed in suitable positions, choosing, among all, only those species that are more suited to the development of the foliage and roots, which should not affect the stability of the bank.
No less important is the maintenance scheduling of the tree, which varies depending on its location and function, but which must always be carried out before it gets any inconvenience to avoid drastic pruning, not only unsightly but themselves vehicle of infection that often lead to plant death and preclude a harmonious development.
An approach to tree care that taken together these issues would lead to substantial errors in the management of urban green spaces, resources needed to protect the health of citizens who have not always aware of this. With regard to investment and, hence, they are required to pay the agencies should be noted that it would be worthwhile to consider all the opportunities offered by regional measures, in terms of subsidies for the creation of hedges and trees with particular ecological function and the ' use of well-established engineering techniques in the areas most at risk of landslides and erosion.

The Council of Chartered Accountants of Agronomy and Forestry of the Province of Padua

Mateusz Wilk Knurów

Procesionaria

Like any winter, during December, January and February appear on our conifer nests processionary annoying. The processionary ( Thaumetopoea pityocampa ) is an insect of the order Lepidoptera belonging to the family Notodontidae.

It owes its name to the characteristic habit of moving on the ground in rows, forming a sort of "procession".
This arthropod is found in temperate regions of southern Europe, the Near East and even North Africa. And 'one of the most destructive forest insects, capable of rendering vast tracts of pine forest each leaf during its life cycle.
The pine tree is the most affected (in particular the black pine and Scots pine), but it's easy to find even among cedars and larches.

The life cycle of the parasite

The processionary is active only during cold periods of the year, since he spends the hot summer months as a cocoon bury underground. Each female produces a "cluster" of eggs that a needle is attached to the host tree. The cluster can contain up to 300 eggs, from which at least 4 weeks after born typical larvae. The eggs are completely covered with scales from the abdomen of the female.

Despite the modest size of the larvae have strong jaws that can engulf the hard needles immediately after birth.
In a short time, completely stripped a branch move in a new row to search for food.
The caterpillars live in groups. Initially they are nomads, moving from branch to branch building new nests relief, but in October to form a silken nest where they will winter.
activity resumed in the spring and processionary, usually in late May, they head to a place suitable for weaving the cocoon.
they found, there is buried a depth of about 15 cm. The chrysalis state lasts about a month, but can last for a year or more.
The insect, after reaching maturity and the transformation took place during the month of July out of the cocoon. The adult is a moth with wings 3-4 cm wide, gray in color with streaks of brown, the female is usually slightly larger in size than the male.
Their life is very short: no more than 2 days.
The females are the first to go on tall trees, which are then fertilized by the male.
The moth flies in search the most suitable plant to lay their eggs and the cycle begins again.

Identification

Eggs The eggs are spherical and white, are grouped into a cylindrical shape of pine needles. The large mass of eggs is 25-40 mm high and about 5 mm and can contain 70-300 eggs. E 'covered with flakes, produced from the tip of the abdomen of the female, gray-brown shade that allows an effective camouflage among the branches of the plant.

Larva

The caterpillar has 5 larval stages. In the first stage, the caterpillar has a body green. After the second suit, the caterpillar assumes its final appearance. At the end of growth the caterpillar is 38-45 mm long. The larva is covered with stinging hairs that can cause severe skin irritation, conjunctivitis, congestion and asthma in humans and animals. These urticating hairs are arranged in clumps throughout the body. The coloration of the integument of the body varies greatly depending on the species. In general, the seed coat is darker in cold regions and ranges from bluish-gray to black. The head of the larva is black. The lateral and ventral hair varies from white to dark yellow. The dorsal hairs ranging from yellow to orange and red-brown bulbs come from. The lower body is more or less dark brown.

Pupa

The pupa is wrapped in a cocoon of silk oval brown-white. The pupa (obtecta) is about 20 mm long, oval, pale yellow-brown color that eventually turns reddish brown. The hooks (that bind to a support, eg. The stem of a plant) are rounded, with two strong curved spines.

Adult

The female moth has a wingspan of 35-50 mm, the male is smaller with a wingspan of 30-40 mm. Both have an irregular ridge at the front. The forewings are gray ash, the nerve fibers (called the moths' tracheae), margins, and the three cross-bands are darker. The design is not pronounce on the wings of the female. The hind wings are white and gray, with the characteristic gray-brown stain in anal area. The antennae are yellowish brown and somewhat behind the tip. Both sexes have a hairy chest. The abdomen of the female is strong and its last segment is covered with large scales.

Fight

The methods of struggle are numerous and include agricultural practices (mechanical removal of the nests), microbiological media (use of Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki dell'insettcida biological ), to be distributed by air and that causes paralysis of the larvae, the fight by using pheromones. Recently introduced, the fight to stem herbal medicine by injection to be performed during the months of September and October. This system guarantees results that are unobtainable with other systems and also the economic benefits. Please refer to the more detailed description on the "Post" to micro-infusion system. Please note that this system has led to eradicate this dangerous insect by entire municipalities of the province of Venice, Padua, Treviso and Vicenza.

are reminded that the fight processionary to be mandatory throughout the country according to DM 17/04/1998

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The Curriculum and disclosure

He lectures on agri-environmental issues with particular reference all'arboricoltura. We use PowerPoint presentations, extensive photographic documentation and detailed fact sheets. In each issue we have dealt with practical demonstrations and simulations using the most modern equipment available today. Know and spread the culture of the tree represents the essence of respect for nature in the new generations. In a world increasingly aware of the nature disclosed its importance has become a duty.

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Renovations radical

An important role for the mast system is carried out by the roots. This body apart from the function of absorbing water and nutrients, plays a recognized role in gas exchange and mechanics for the stability of the plant.
The rhizosphere has always been a big problem for tree growers, for the difficulty of intervening directly on the roots without damaging the delicate structures underground. The inability
technical and operational difficulties have prevented until now to proceed with a focus on the root systems.

system Turbo Air ® consists of a strong jet of air escaping from a special equipment that allows the elimination of the ground on even the smaller roots. With this system you can bring to the surface the root system on which you can intervene directly.

When you use it?

Scavo collar
The excavation of the collar is an essential practice for the management of the health of the trees. The benefits you get through this practice is recognized by all, but there are few tree growers who perform it. The main reason is the difficulty to implement this practice with the usual tools. Turbo Air ® has revolutionized large-scale excavation of the neck. Turbo Air allowing for this practice quickly and without causing any injury to a radical level.

unpacked soil
Recent studies show that the removal of compacted soil and exhausted from the roots of a tree, and the substitution of lower density and soil rich in organic matter, produces a huge benefit to the development of roots and health of the plant. Turbo Air ® even more compact soils can be removed from the roots with success and without causing damage to the plant.

Diagnosis and Analysis of the structure roots
Many diseases of trees and shrubs are suffering from problems caused by the root system. The diagnosis of the roots is often overlooked for obvious operational difficulties. Now that diagnostic practice can not harm the root system. Turbo Air ®, you can make an accurate diagnosis to root systems of trees and shrubs and diagnose the presence of pathogens or barriers that impede the orderly development of roots.
During construction work often runs cutting the roots with severe tears or wounds caused by power shovels or digging equipment. Turbo Air ®, you can dig up the roots without making a mess, with the possibility to choose to cut the roots, and where do the cuts, with a great benefit for the plant to maintain.
Turbo Air ® is also used for excavation, pipe placement and irrigation and the planting of trees.

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sonic tomography analysis of tree stability

General
In assessing the stability of tree species, the survey instrument is an important aid in understanding the actual conditions inside of a tree. Several technologies are used, and among them is undoubtedly the sonic tomography system providing a flexible applicability and accuracy. The sonic tomography "Picus ®" works on the principle that the speed of sound through the wood, depends on the modulus and the density of the same. The main damage to the trees are represented by fractures, cavities, degenerative wood (decay), which reduce the elasticity and density of the wood. These characteristics depend on the species and whether measured in absolute need of comparison with the values \u200b\u200bobtained from table standard.Il Picus ® Sonic tomograph then measure the relative speed of sound, so the system automatically calibrates each measurement.

Operation
The instrument consists of a set of sensors (8 to 12), which are placed at strategic points around the area you want to investigate. Each sensor is connected to a nail (0.8 - 1 mm), which allows contact with the wood. The sonic wave is generated manually by a hammer through a cable connected to "Y" to the module and the nail.
Different sensors measure the transmission time sonic wave, the times of transmission and the distance between the sensors, calculates the apparent speed sonic wave.
From these data, the software that processes the tomogram highlights the different areas of the section can be measured successively.
The data transmission to the handheld's wireless (wireless) Bluetooth.

Determination of the geometry of the tree
The accuracy of the survey depends on the number of sensors used and the degree of approximation of the reciprocal distance between the sensors. In the case of circular sections measuring the distance between the modules is automatically defined by measuring the circumference (ie 10 modules on a circumference of 200 cm ® 1 module every 20 cm) in the case of elliptical sections are defined axis xel'asse y. In the case of irregular sections we measure the distance of each module by creating a free form which is relevant to the real section examined, the latter procedure assures a very high degree of accuracy by reducing most of the approximations.

measurement and definition of the tomogram

The result of the generation of "n" sonic waves is a dense network of information with all the relative velocities in the section indagata.L 'instrumental test can be performed even on different floors or sections, allowing the three-dimensional assessment of the development of caries. This is the only system to see graphically the vertical development of fungal diseases borne by the woody tissues.

Reading Tomogram

tomogram are shown in areas of different colors: black and brown areas indicate a good transmission of the waves so that the wood has been good, and normal mechanical function, the blue areas , purple or white areas are subject to severe cavities or degeneration. These areas have lost their mechanical function therefore should be paid considerable attention to evaluating their size and their positioning. You can not define with certainty the difference between a cavity and a strong degeneration (decay in advanced state) because the tissue density is very similar. In these cases it is possible to trace this difference with a careful observation of the data, from a historical reconstruction of events, from the results of visual and study to what we have. The green areas indicate an intermediate situation between the two described, it is discolored wood, wood still has a mechanical function, but prone to fungal infection. E 'can also represent graphically the limit of T / R useful to verify the amount of sound wood remaining.

Conclusions
A proper investigation of stability of a tree requires first a careful visual analysis of the deepening instrumental, with the identification of all structural defects, disease, etc.. You can not ignore this important phase for the same tomographic investigation. A valid interpretation of the tree, aimed at quantifying the risk of subsidence and the development of all cultural practices aimed at putting down of individuals, then, is the result of two distinct but complementary phases.
E 'can also share the survey at the crown or large branches.
With this technique it is possible to define very precisely the state of health of the wood of the tree, and accurately assess risk or potentially dangerous situations in order to prevent damage events.